Limiting Reactant — N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃ Mixing Box
Explain, with a reason, whether the limiting reactant is decided by the number of molecules or by the coefficient ratio.
Field link Ammonia synthesis for nitrogen fertilizer
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- 1. PredictChoose what you think will happen. A wrong guess is fine.
- 2. ObserveMove sliders and buttons. Watch the graphs and numbers.
- 3. CheckAnswer short questions. Wrong answers get an explanation.
- 4. ReflectExplain the idea in your own words. Then you reach 100%.
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Chapter 3 Stoichiometry
Chapter 4 Reactions in water
Precipitation Reaction — Ions Combining
Explain that the amount of precipitate is not an input but emerges from binding.
Field link Precipitation in soil and irrigation water
StartChapter 13 Solutions
Gas Solubility and Henry's Law
Explain that dissolving a gas is a dynamic equilibrium of particles going in and coming out at the surface.
Field link Oxygen and CO₂ in paddy water and nutrient solutions
StartSolubility Curves and Crystallization on Cooling
Read the solubility at a given temperature from a solubility curve and decide the state of the solution (unsaturated / saturated / supersaturated).
Field link Solubility curves of fertilizer salts such as KNO₃
StartChapter 16 Acids and bases
Ion-Product of Water K_w and pH
Use Kw = [H⁺][OH⁻] to calculate [H⁺] from [OH⁻] and the other way round.
Field link The basis of soil pH
StartAcid–Base Indicator Transition Ranges
Explain that an indicator changes color only inside its own transition range of about 2 pH units.
Field link Indicator tests for soil pH
StartPolyprotic Acids: Stepwise Ionization and Species Fractions of Phosphoric Acid
Write the stepwise ionization of a polyprotic acid as equations with Ka1, Ka2 and Ka3.
Field link Phosphate fertilizer species at different pH
StartChapter 17 Aqueous equilibria
Buffer Action — Adding a Strong Base
Explain, from the reactions of the components, the difference in pH change when the same OH⁻ is added to a buffer and to water.
Field link Soil buffer capacity
StartSalt Solubility and pH — PbF₂ vs PbI₂
Decide, with reasons, which of PbF₂ and PbI₂ is the salt whose solubility changes in acid.
Field link How pH controls heavy-metal solubility
StartChapter 18 Environmental chemistry
Rainwater pH — Natural Acidity (CO₂) and Acid Rain (SO₂)
Find and explain the pH of unpolluted rainwater from the dissolution of CO₂ (Henry's law) and the ionization of carbonic acid.
Field link Acid rain and soil acidification
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